Are Cell Phones Good for Health Essay Example for Free

Are Cell Phones Good for Health Essay Chatting on a mobile phone or living close to a cell site doesn't cause disease, as per a report by the Royal Society of Canada. The general public took a gander at GSM systems, cell phones, cell site recieving wires and rooftop top aerials, in the interest of Health Canada. They did, anyway state that the current security limits for upkeep staff chipping away at the cell destinations, and ought to be updated to consider conceivable harm to the eyes, because of the one of a kind physiological make up of the eye. † Upgrade handsets: If you are utilizing too old handset, redesign it to some ongoing handset which has discharged in last 1-2 years. Ongoing handsets utilize low force and deal with reflections to spare battery just as high radiations. Utilize standard handsets: Some modest mobiles don't look after norms. Continuously use handsets from marked organizations. Modest telephones can be hurtful to life. Use Bluetooth: Use Bluetooth headset/hands allowed to chat on telephone. Bluetooth works on low recurrence. You can place the telephone in back pocket. Use PC programming: SMS talking is generally regular in youths. The majority of brands give PC network software’s; some outsider instruments are likewise accessible. Interface wireless to PC through Bluetooth, avoid portable as much as possible and appreciate SMS. Use Flight Mode: Switching now and again versatile may be monotonous when it’s not being used. Use flight mode profile of telephone to deactivate radio signs, it will perform same activity as switch off yet keeping different capacities on. Keep away from Mobile Internet: Get a wired web association for PC to use at home. Abstain from utilizing portable web associations (GPRS and 3G based). You will consistently locate a less expensive wired web alternative in this serious market. Are Cell Phones Good for Health. (2017, Jan 20).

Review of Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Survey of Literature - Essay Example It will show that the calling has advanced, with a prominent increment sought after for medical caretakers as their jobs get progressively specific, modern and mechanically determined. As indicated by Blanche (2010) clinical experience, instruction and proceeding with training have been the primary contributing components in the change of the nursing business and keeping the medical attendants on their training. As per Boltz (2011), the nursing business has experienced changes in the sort of innovation utilized, new fields have been presented and new instruction educational plans and levels have been created. He includes that, notwithstanding, the essential job of nursing has been exposed to every one of these progressions to cause it to continue as before; to advance wellbeing and health through its mindful practice. The progressions and improvements have all served to makes today’s nurture cultivate a superior relationship with patients, which converts into fulfillment for t he patients, their families, individual medical caretakers and the whole business. Boltz (2011) additionally brings up that a noteworthy move in nursing approach has been that of presently seeing it as a relationship concentrated on a patient, as opposed to the errand arranged methodology of the 1960s. In concurrence with Boltz’s slants, Blanche (2010) contributes that contemporary nursing practice stresses on defining a connection among's social insurance and relationship advancement, which brings about increasingly individualized consideration plans, better and ideal consideration results. Koloroutis et al (2004) opine that the nursing society today recognizes the need of imparting into patients the inclination that the medical attendant is in contact with their concern and can deal with it from the patients’ purpose of complaints, as opposed to a specialist who just needs to finish an undertaking. Sullivan-Marx et al (2010) calls attention to that with developing sp ecialization in medication, doctors began working together with and tutoring attendants who had clinical involvement with the mid 1960s. As indicated by the U.S. Branch of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (2009), as the doctors moved out of essential consideration to have practical experience in specific fields, there grew a deficiency of work force in essential consideration, particularly in the medicinally underserved rustic zones. Medicaid and Medicare moved in to give medicinal services projects and inclusion for the low-salary populace, people with incapacities, the older and kids in 1965. USDHHS (2009) further clarifies that with the unexpected accessibility of the projects and inclusion, there came a high and abrupt interest for the development of essential consideration administrations and medical caretakers. Around the same time, a prestigious attendant, Loretta Ford, and doctor Henry Silver, built up the principal nurture practitioners’ preparing program concentra ting on families and kids wellbeing, illness anticipation, and wellbeing advancement. Filling in as an establishment, it has formed into the propelled nursing practice of today. As per Sullivan-Marx et al (2010) the chance, profited by the then lack of doctors, has brought forth the present claims to fame of nursing. Today’s attendants are taking on jobs recently saved for the doctors. Medical attendant birthing assistants are a genuine model. They are by and by an exceptionally viewed bunch as they not just diminish newborn child death rates in underserved regions, however they are likewise prepared to prepare more experts in rustic zones, particularly in creating nations. They work with nearby wellbeing

Wise Words From Mikey

Wise Words From Mikey Im going through my in-box today, taking care of some long-overdue things. I found an entry that Mikey wrote for me that I had intended to publish this past spring. The summer snuck up on me before I had a chance to, and I decided to wait until now instead of posting it in June this seems like a better time, as people prepare to arrive on campus and start their MIT experiences. Im sure some of you will be able to relate to the sentiments expressed below I just work here and I know Ive felt this way from time to time. :-) I am also publishing this because (a) I really miss Mikey, who has left us to attend grad school at the university down the road, and (b) because Ive been longing to post this picture of him, which always makes me think of The Matrix. (Its shamelessly borrowed from Mikeys page over on the Logs site.) So, some context: Mikey received an email from a student who had been admitted to MIT and was concerned that everyone else would be much better prepared than she. Recognizing her concern as a very common one, Mikey asked her if we could publish their correspondence. Here it is: So, mainly at this point I am very excited for MIT, but I am having some second thoughts. Concerning my peers. When I applied, I was well aware of the fact that MIT attracts the best and brightest and Im a bit worried that Im not as bright and shiny as the others. For example, almost all the people Ive talked to have been to the IMO or at least the USAMO or have won some science competition or another (Westinghouse, YES, Intel, take your pick) or have patented something, or have taken their schools science club to nationals. And Ive never done any of that Im basically a kid who likes math, cats, plants and some plumbing and thought MIT seemed like a cool place because everyone was always building one thing or another, all the time. But now Im worried that I wont be able to catch up to these kids and as a result, coming in with no research experience or major math competition experience or etc. will pull me far behind my classmates and Ill struggle to get good grades (I know grades arent everything, but Id like to get decent enough grades to apply for graduate school) or find research opportunities or basically show professors that I have something to offer when in fact Im not sure I have anything to offer in comparison to the rest of the class of 2011. I was really psyched to go despite the notoriously huge workload because I was pretty sure that Id love doing the work, no matter how much there was (I really enjoyed, for example, doing stoichiometry problems and math problems theyre fun for me, but I dont have any true talent for them Im a peasant of a student, not a poet if that makes any sense at all), but now Im more worried than anything. Please feel free to be honest if you think that my sort of person can still do well at MIT, thats great but if not, be as brutally honest as necessary! So how was your experience at MIT? If you dont mind, can you tell me a bit about yourself? Like, were you one of those USAMO kids? Thanks again for your time, and I hope I dont sound too hysterical :) And heres Mikeys response, which I love: Dont worry. I had never heard of Intel, Westinghouse, or IMO before coming to MIT. I did not know a USABO, USNCO, or USPhO existed. I didnt even know science fairs and research competitions existed. No joke. I took the pre-AMC (back then it was called the AJHSME, and the AMC was called the AHSME American (Junior) High School Math Exam), did okay on it, and never went any farther (I had heard of the AIME but wasnt even close to being considered for that test). And I felt exactly like you even before I applied to MIT. MIT students are way smarter than me I mustve gotten in by accident Ill be like the dumbest one there is what I seriously told myself. And I totally get your poet vs peasant analogy people would talk about how elegant a math proof was, or how neat and interesting the solution was to that physics problem, while I would just sit there and say heck, did I at least get the units right? or use brute force to solve the problem in a way that took 20x longer than it should have and said hey , I still got it right in the end, who cares if it took 2 hours instead of 2 minutes? Haha. But anyways, back to the original point. I came to MIT, and seriously, I probably had way more fun than I was supposed to. (Hanging out with friends in my living group, going on road trips, having spontaneous parties, watching TV shows and movies, playing video games Not all the time, but most of the time. Dont tell my parents.) Over my four years, I sang with an a cappella group, helped record and produce 2 CDs, sang in a classical group, was part of a religious club, did a UROP, and made many lifelong friends and memories. But wait what about the academics?? I graduated with a 4.8 GPA (out of 5.0) and I honestly had a blast. (I hope that didnt come off as arrogant I just wanted to let you know that you can have a lot of fun and still get good grades in your classes!) Believe me, there was definitely hard work involved (it was not ALL fun and games) but really, you wouldnt have been admitted if you we didnt think you could not only survive but THRIVE here academically, socially, emotionally, physically, mentally (and every other lly way). MIT is about educating the entire student, not *just* the academics, and the college experience is not *just* the classes its EVERYTHING. You literally passed through *at LEAST* 5 different rounds of screening before you were definitively admitted to MIT; we said not only can she do the work, but shes going to have fun, shell add to the campus community, shell be able to make great friends, and above all, shes a great match for MIT. Or something to that extent. Yes, there are geniuses at MIT, even for MIT standards. I met plenty of them throughout my four years. But you know what? I couldnt even tell for most of them I had plenty of friends where I didnt learn about their special and unique talents until after having known them for 2-3 years (examples: I didnt learn until junior or senior year that some of my friends consisted of: California State Nintendo Champion a child TV show star placed in the Putnam for more than one year went to Africa to help vision-impaired children worked on the Human Genome project owned his own design company etc etc etc). But when people get here, everyone pretty much leaves a lot of that at the door (unless it comes up specifically). Theyre all students just like anyone, eager to meet new people and it was incredibly exciting to have friends like them. So dont worry. I know exactly what youre going through, and as someone whos been through it all and is on the other side now, I know youll be juuuuust fine. :) Mikey speaks the truth! So if youre nervous about your forthcoming arrival on campus, dont be. Really. (And Mikey: we miss you! COME VISIT US.)

The Impact Of The Black Panther Party - 1156 Words

Nick Smith J. Buergel Civil Rights 5/11/16 The impact of â€Å"The Black Panther Party† â€Å"We knew, as a revolutionary vanguard, repression would be the reaction of our oppressors, but we recognized that the task of the revolutionist is difficult and his life is short. We were prepared then, as we are now, to give our all in the interest of oppressed people† (Baggins). Radical and provocative, the 60’s was an era of complete political and social upheaval. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had banned the discrimination of people based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, the execution of this act were initially proven weak. Unlike other national organizations or campaigns against the U.S. government, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense remains the only organization to take a militant stance, frequently seen campaigning armed and proudly wielding weapons. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, the founders of the Black Panthers, believed that the peaceful and non-violent campaign of Marti n Luther King had failed, and had very little faith in the implementation of the â€Å"traditional† civil rights movement. Newton casually addresses his violent conducts, stating, â€Å"And people say, well Huey you re so violent. Why are you so violent Huey? †¦And I say, well hey, existence is violent; I exist, therefore I am violent in that way†(PBS). Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale established the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in Oakland California, during October of 1966.Show MoreRelated The Black Panther Party Essay813 Words   |  4 Pages The Black Panthers aren’t talked about much. The Panthers had made a huge difference in the civil rights movement. They were not just a Black KKK. They helped revolutionize the thought of African Americans in the U.S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Black Panther had a huge background of history, goals, and beliefs. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, Ca 1966, founded the Panthers. They were originally as an African American self defense force and were highly influenced by Malcolm X’s ideasRead MoreThe Black Panther Party Fought For Civil Rights978 Words   |  4 Pages What was the Black Panther Party for Self Defense? During the turbulent 1960’s, the Black Panther party was initially established to protect the black community from police brutality. The Black Panther Party grew its membership by appealing to the sense of hopelessness in black American people. Although widely known for violence, the Black Panther Party had goals to organize and service the black and oppressed communities. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale wrote an outline for the BPP, the TenRead MoreThe Black Panther Party For Self Defense1652 Words   |  7 PagesHuey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panthers Party for self-defense. In finding the Black Panther Party, Newton and Seale based the ideas and visions on the works of Malcolm X, a prominent figure in the Civil Rights movement, who had a â€Å"by any means necessary attitude†. â€Å"Malcolm had represented both a militant revolutionary, with the dignity and self-respect to stand up and fight to win equality for all oppressed minorities. Once they created the group Newton and Seale organized a missionRead MoreThe Black Panther Party Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesBlack Panther Party â€Å"We knew, as a revolutionary vanguard, repression would be the reaction of our oppressors, but we recognized that the task of the revolutionist is difficult and his life is short. We were prepared then, as we are now, to give our all in the interest of oppressed people† (Baggins). Radical and provocative, the 60’s was an era of complete political and social upheaval. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had banned the discrimination of people based on race, color, religionRead More Black Panther Party Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages The Black Panther Party My survey paper for Assignment 4 is on the Black Panther Party. I will discuss the rise and the fall of the Black Panther Party and how Huey Newton and Bobby Seale met. I will also discuss some of the goals of the Black Panther Party, the good the party did for the black and poor communities. I will also discuss what they hoped to achieve from their movement. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party (BPP) in Oakland, California in 1966. The originalRead MoreThe Boycott Of The Montgomery Buses And The Court Case Brown Vs. Board Of Education1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthe month similar protest were beginning in thirty one cities and seven southern states† (â€Å"The Greensboro Sit-in’s†). Black and white protestors at Woolworth’s in Jackson Mississippi were thrown out of the diners. Although the police arrested over a thousand people, the sit in’s often resulted in success. The 1960’s is where we see the rise of a new group called the Black Panther Party of Self-defense and the change in tactics during protests for African Americans in America. The non-violence ledRead More The Black Panthers Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by party members Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in the city of Oakland, California. The party was established to help further the movement for African American liberation, which was growing rapidly throughout the sixties because of the civil rights movement and the work of Malcolm X, and Dr. Martin Luther King. The Party disembodied itself from the non-violence stance of Dr. King and chose to organize around a platform for â€Å"self-defense†, (whichRead MoreThe Black Panther Party And The Civil Rights Movement1732 Words   |  7 Pagesof people living in poor urban areas were Black. The Black Panther Party was a socialist and Black nationalist organization that was founded 51 years ago to address these issues among others. The organization, which had a far-left political position, lasted for merely 16 years and its influence continues to impact the world up till this day. It was the largest Black revolutionary o rganization to ever exist. Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, the party began in October 1966 in Oakland, CaliforniaRead MoreThe Black Panthers1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Panthers [also known as] (The Black Panther Party for Self Defense) was a Black Nationalist organization in the United States that formed in the late 1960s and became nationally renowned. (Wikipedia:The Free Encyclopedia, 1997). The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by party members Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in the city of Oakland, California. The party was established to help further the movement for African American liberation, which was growing rapidly throughout the sixtiesRead MoreThe Movement that Revolutionized the Civil Rights: Black Panthers1333 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Panther Movement made a progressive contribution to the US and civil rights. In order for a person to understand what the Civil Rights movement was, they would need to understand what political movements were involved, that made a big impact on the Black Community. What was the Civil Rights movement? The Civil Rights movement lasted from the late 1960s and early 1970s. But, the Civil Rights was not born during that time. When Abraham Lincoln was President, he had signed an agreement named

Cyber Bullying - A Growing Problem - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 667 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Bullying Essay Cyber Bullying Essay Did you like this example? There has been an immense uprise in online bullying. You have probably noticed this, but why has the amount spiked so much in recent years, and why is it so popular on social media sites? And for the people getting bullied, a massive effect that comes from this is depression which can lead to much worse. We can help end cyberbullying. People choose to abuse these sites and bully, and that percentage of people is increasing, but there are ways to protect yourself from this. To start with, let’s define what social media sites are supposed to be used for. On these sites people are supposed to share things with friends, find recipes, research, watch entertainment, discover some great places to eat, and etcetera. These are things that people do all the time and social media sites make that a lot easier, but what happens when people misuse them and don’t use it for things that can help them out? And instead, bully? Thats when we start to have a problem. People do things like comment on a picture saying hurtful things like, â€Å"You’re so ugly!† or even, â€Å"Kill yourself.† If you read enough of those comments you start to believe it. The rate of bullying in school ranges from 9% to 98% among different studies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cyber Bullying A Growing Problem" essay for you Create order That goes to show that among those many studies there hasn’t been a percentage lower than 9% which in itself is a huge problem but what if we add in that the average for traditional bullying is 35% and the average for cyberbullying is 15% and now that use of social media is increasing, what else will go along with that? More cases of cyberbullying in schools. Now, lets understand why this is such a huge problem and a tremendous factor would be the effects of being bullied. The first one would be things like they can’t sleep which would affect focus in school because they are thinking about what had happened which leads to anxiety, then depression. Cyberbullying doesn’t just take a toll on mental health but physical health too, such as headaches and stomach aches. If the bullying is bad enough that could push the person into deep depression which can lead to suicide. And the problem is worse in middle school because the average of students being bullied is 24%. What about why the amount of Cyberbullying has increased while the person being bullied doesn’t know who the person bullying them is half the time! Which means they are less likely to be caught and is a â€Å"Better choice† for the bully. More advances are happening in social media websites. Technology is way more accessible now. Its also becoming a top priority so kids can call their parents, contact people, and chat with friends. They can also research and look up things. All they have to do is reach into their pocket and grab their phone, and they can do all of that. Plus with online websites or apps you can make a fake identity or just keep yours unknown. People usually bully on pictures of the person and can hide their identity. A lot more people have been using it, and studies show that social media sites can improve grades. But with all of that how can you help the bullying come to a halt†¦ stand up to them! Screenshot what you can of the bullying and report it. Always help the kid person being bullied, hang out with them. But of course how can you protect yourself from cyberbullying? First, don’t post anything that will embarrass anyone and always be kind. Try to be aware of who is seeing your posts. Keep your password secret. Make sure your parents know what you’re doing. And if you are getting bullied just report it. After reading this, hopefully you learned what the cyberbullying is, what the effects from it is, how you can help stop bullying, and of course how to protect yourself from cyberbullying.

Darryl Hunt Death Penalty Free Essays

My view upon death penalty before watching the video about Darryl hunt’s case, was strongly against it. I truly believe that we have no say in who is to take someone’s life. Who are we to decide who lives or dies? There is no standard that we can place on someone’s life, to determine their existence in this world. We will write a custom essay sample on Darryl Hunt Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Life is a precious gift, no matter how cruel the crime may be that the person being accused of committing the crime. I strongly believe that incarceration for the reminder of their life is in my view, the most extreme decision as a society to make in determining an individuals future. After reviewing the Darryl Hunt Case, I strongly believe that the justice system went wrong when it came to Darryl Hunt’s Case. From the start, the justice system faltered in backing up the meaning of â€Å"all men are created equal. † Darryl Hunt was tried as a â€Å"Black Man† with an all white jury. He was not looked upon as a man that stood before the jury who was being accused of a crime that he pleads his innocence. He was judged as a black man that must be a criminal because of his ethnicity and his innocence that he pleaded was nothing but a lie to their ears. He was judged solely on the color of his skin, racism took over the minds of they juries an the charges they found him guilty on. It was honestly all down hill from the start. Multiple denies on appeals that Darryl filed, even after DNA diagnostics had proven that Darryl Hunt did not committee the crime that he was being held accountable for, The justice system turned away an failed to even allow the thought that this man is innocent and should be free even cross their mind. After the Man finally was caught who confessed to the crime that Darryl hunt was being accused of, Darryl was released to freedom, hat should have been given back to him from the beginning of the racial, judgmental, ignorant minded individuals who took part in taking away 20 years of this innocent mans life. I feel the death penalty should be abolished. As a Society, we are constantly changing, and re-defining the right an wrongs that we hold ourselves too. Who are we to take a life from someone, no matter the cr ime. Believing that playing â€Å"God† can be justified by society, is just as ignorant as having hope in the justice system will be perfect one day. How to cite Darryl Hunt Death Penalty, Papers

Parasitic wasps Essay Example For Students

Parasitic wasps Essay Malaria is one of the most prevalent and dangerous diseases known to man. It has existed for centuries and affects a myriad of people in the tropical region. Even today, with our newly discovered treatments for many of the tropical diseases, over 10% of the people that are infected with malaria each year and do not receive proper treatment die. In Africa alone, over 1 million children die each year because of malaria and new cases are reported frequently. Malaria is very dangerous and harmful to man. However, the protozoan that causes malaria has existed since man came into being. Fossils of mosquitoes that are 30 million years old contain the vector for malaria. After written history, many civilisations have known about malaria. The Greek physician Hippocrates described the symptoms of malaria in the 5th Century BC The name malaria is derived from the Italian words, mal and aria, meaning bad air, because people of earlier times believed that the disease was caused by polluted air near swaps and wetlands in Europe. The scientific identification of malaria was not found until 1880. The French army physician, Charles Laveran, while stationed in Algeria, noticed strange shapes of red blood cells in certain patients and identified the disease scientifically and linked to a certain protozoan. Although the disease had been identified, it was not until 1897, when British army physician, Ronald Ross studied birds and discovered that the malarial protozoan was transmitted through mosquito es. Soon after, two Italian scientists noted that mosquitoes spread malaria to humans as well. Many attempts have been made to try to eradicate the disease. As early as 7 AD, in Rome, swamps were drained to try to prevent the bad air from reaching nearby cities. Recently, in the 1950s and 1960s, about 25 years after the development of DDT, the United Nations World Health Organisation tried to wipe out the disease through the use of DDT. Although, the number of cases was reduces in many areas, they started again. Scientists today believe that malaria can never be eradicated due to the fact that the protozoan can manipulate easily and become resistant to a drug that is overused. The mosquitoes that spread malaria are also becoming resistant to insecticides. Malaria can be treated on an individual basis and treatments and medicines can be used. To understand these treatments however, one must understand what happens to a malarial protozoan. The disease, malaria, is cause by the protozo an, Plasmodium, which lives in tropical regions all around the world. There are only four species of this protozoan that cause malaria in humans, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum. These protozoans are spread from infected to healthy people through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito, blood transfusions, or through hypodermic injections. This makes malaria one of the most easily communicable diseases in the world. These enter red cells where both sexual and asexual cycles continue. Malaria is spread only through the females of the 60 different types of the Anopheles mosquito, as the males do not feed on blood. The symptoms of this disease are many, however a physician must be consulted to avoid risk to a person. To treat malaria, many drugs are used today. Forms of these drugs date back to the 1500s and 1600s. Physicians diagnose malaria by identifying Plasmodia in a patients body. Once identified, malaria can be treated with chloroquine and primaquine. Since some forms of Plasmodia falciparum have become resistant to these, quinine, mefloquine, or halofautrine are used. Almost all of the cases of malaria can be treated if done in the proper way. However, to suffer the pain and illness of malaria, people can use many preventive measures. All swampy areas must be avoided as well as tropical water that may be contaminated or local food. People should just protect themselves from mosquitoes and risk of infection will be tremendously lowered. This can be done by im pregnated bednets. These involve surrounding the bed with a curtain that is sprayed with certain compounds. These are normally pyrethroids or organophosphates, which create an effective barrier between the mosquito and its blood meal. Alternative barrier methods are insect repellents. These are certain chemicals that that when applied to the skin as a spray or lotion is quite effective at deterring the mosquito from landing on a person in order to feed. Other methods of controlling malaria are the use of insecticides and vaccines. Insecticides are chemicals such as pyrethrum, which are sprayed within persons living quarters. This was thought to kill the female mosquito preventing it from spreading malaria and laying further eggs as long as it had no means from escaping the room before spraying. Vaccines work by stimulating antibody production to destroy a foreign organism in the body. As the foreign organism has the same surface antigens as the pathogenic organism, the antibody that the body produces to destroy the antigenic material in the vaccination will be equally as effective against the pathogenic organism. The lymphocytes that produce the antibody will remain in the blood stream. When the pathogenic organism enters the body the lymphocytes will be triggered to produce the antibody in order to destroy the invading organism. At the moment this is where a lot of malaria research is centred in trying to produce a malaria vaccine. Man evolved as a hunter-gatherer, with populations of low densities compared with other primates. At these low densities man would not have been the preferred host of many parasites, but would have experienced malaria as a zoonosis. It is postulated that the development of agriculture around 10,000 to 7000 years ago resulted in man made changes in nutrition, the environment and population density. These changes are so recent in genetic terms that the species has not adapted. The success of our species, expressed as population expansion, has been at the cost of widespread disease, of which malaria related diseases are common manifestations. The burden is heaviest on pregnant women and children under five years old. Over 8 million of the 13 million under-five deaths in the world each year can be put down to diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, and vaccine-preventable diseases. But this simple way of classifying hides the fact that death is not usually an event with one cause but a process with many causes. In particular, it is the conspiracy between malnutrition and infection, which pulls many people into the downward spiral of an early death and poor growth in children. Now, a new study has attempted to quantify the role of malnutrition in child deaths. Using data from 53 developing countries, researchers from Cornell University have concluded that over half of those 13 million child deaths each year are associated with malnutrition. Further, they show that more than three-quarters of all these malnutrition-assisted deaths are linked not to severe malnutrition but to mild and moderate forms. This suggests that nutrition programmes focusing only on the severely malnourished will have far less impact than programmes to improve nutrition among the much larger number of mildly and moderately malnourished children. As discussed in the 1994 edition of The Progress of Nations, low-cost methods of reducing all forms of malnutrition are available and have been shown to work. And action on both fronts to improve nutrition and to protect against disease could save many more lives (and be far more cost-effective) than action on either front alone. Malnutrition receives few banner headlines, like the AIDS crisis does. There is no excuse for starvation, with technology and science making food as plentiful as it is. Yet famine and malnutrition are not the same thing. Many of these children may be getting food. But what are missing are the nutrients they need to grow into healthy and productive adults. A report by UNICEF indicates that at least 100 million young children and several million pregnant women have damaged immune systems not because of HIV or AIDS, but because of malnutrition It is thought that malaria can be prevented and risk of infection lowered with varies nutritional aspects. These include minerals such as Iron, zinc and Vitamins A, C, D, E, antioxidants, fatty acids and carbohydrates. Over the years, as the control of diseases such as malaria has improved, the significance of malnutrition has emerged more clearly. There is a need to understand its cause to ensure secure foundations for schemes of prevention, and thus preventing disease. Nutrition and many tropical infections such as malaria interact, not just because of extensive geographical overlap between areas where malaria occur or nutrient deficiencies are common. The clinical and public health implications and the range of such interactions are becoming increasingly appreciated. It is evident that in many countries malnutrition is responsible for the high mortality in children along with disease. It is with children and pregnant women particularly that most of the research with nutrition and malaria has been done. Malaria is truly a grave problem and could affect any ignorant person. However, if a person takes certain precautions and does not get involved with insects, they might just be safe from being one of the 300,000,000 people who are infected each year, or even worse, one of the 1,500,000 people that die of malaria annually. Most people are familiar with the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) for vitamins and minerals that have been established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council. The RDA is defined as the level of intake of an essential nutrient that is judged to be adequate to meet the known needs of healthy people. At these levels, in other words, people should not develop the deficiency illness associated with a lack of that nutrient. The RDA does not apply to people with special nutritional needs, nor does it suggest that these are the optimal dietary levels for these nutrients for normal people. We now know that mild to moderate deficiency of basic nutrients, while not causing the classic deficiency illnesses, may contribute to a host of other illnesses, especially in todays world, where stress and poor lifestyle habits may tax the bodys nutritional resources. Scientific data suggest that the consumption of many nutrients above the RDAs may prevent or combat many common illnesses. Vitamin C60 mgcitrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, cantaloupe, broccoli, asparagus, peppers, spinach, potatoesVitamin E30 IUvegetable oils (soy, corn, olive, cottonseed, safflower, and sunflower), nuts, sunflower seeds, wheat germ. Beta Carotene15-50 mgdark green, yellow, and orange vegetables including spinach, collard greens, broccoli, carrots, peppers, and sweet potatoes; yellow fruits such as apricots and peaches. (IU = international units; mg = milligrams)Investigations into interactions between nutrient status and infectious disease are seriously complicated by the difficulties of assessing status of many nutrients during the acute phase response to infection. Many nutrients are acute phase reactants for example, plasma retinol, zinc and iron and the degree of transferrin saturation all decrease, and plasma copper and ferritin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin increase, in response to infection or trauma (Filteau, S M, and Tomkins, A M, 1994). There is an urgent need for research into nutritional assessment of infected individuals and populations since these are frequently the people whose nutritional status is of most concern. The consistent alterations of micronutrient metabolism suggests that these may have advantages in the fight against infection, the alterations in iron metabolism have been suggested as a means of pathogen replication (Thurnham, 1990). The redistribution of zinc to liver and bone marrow after infection of inflammatory cytokines may serve to support acute phase protein synthesis and haematopoesis. Patients with chronic inflammatory conditions have increased concentrations of zinc in mononuclear leukocytes, which may indicate that cells of the immune system are also favoured for zinc during inflammatory responses. The potential benefits of retinol fluxes during infection have not been explored. Although it is clear that a decreased plasma concentration of a nutrient during infection may be a beneficial adaptation rather than a harmful deficiency (Filteau, S M, and Tomkins, A M, 1994). The problems of assessing nutrient status during infection have made it difficult to determine whether infections decrease status itself over the long term. Several factors could contribute to impaired status, including decreased appetite, decreased absorption due to diarrhoea, or increased requirement for nutrients for immune functions or tissue repair. Internet Hackers EssayErythrocytic malaria parasites live in the blood which is rich in haemoglobin, a ready source of nutrients, but also a potential source of toxic forms of iron. In acquiring nutrients the parasites take up large quantities of haemoglobin. In this process, globin is hydrolysed to free amino acids and haem is converted to haemozoin. Globin hydrolysis is presumed to provide the bulk of amino acids for parasite protein synthesis, and haem processing is thought to both detoxify haem molecules and provide necessary parasite iron. The processes of haemoglobin catabolism and iron utilisation are targets for a number of compounds with antimalarial activity. Erythrocytic parasites require iron for the synthesis of iron containing proteins such as ribonucleotide reductase, superoxide dismutase and cytochromes and for de novo haem biosynthesis. The source of free iron for malaria parasites is not known. Three possible sources are serum iron, free erythrocytic iron and haemoglobin. There are some reports of iron uptake from serum by parasitised erythrocytes, supporting a serum source for parasite iron. This backs-up the observations that iron deficient individuals are partially protected against malaria infection. Although studies showing a lack of transferin receptors on parasitised erythrocytes, argues against a serum source for parasite iron (Peto, T E A, Thompson, J L, 1986). Observations show that cell-impermeant, serum depleting, iron chelators have no antimalarial activity in culture. A report showed that the antimalarial effects of iron chelators in mice are independent of host iron status and a study showed that the course of malar ia in children is unaffected by iron supplementation (Peto, T E A, Thompson, J L, 1986). Arguing against free erythrocytic iron as the source of parasite iron are observations that iron chelators inserted into the erythrocyte cytoplasm are non toxic to cultured parasites. Considering this, the large amount of haemoglobin that is degraded by erythrocytic parasites, and the observation that small amounts of iron are released from haem after incubation at the pH of the food vacuole, it is logical that haemoglobin is the principal source of parasite iron (Rosenthal P J and Meshnick, S R, 1996). Although this has never been tested. The best studied antimalarial iron chelator is deferoxamine (desferrioxamine B, DFO). Its antimalarial activity has been demonstrated in vitro, in animals and patients with both moderate and severe P. falciparum infections. The entry of DFO into the parasite is essential for antimalarial activity. DFO treatment of patients with cerebral malaria had a much greater effect on coma recovery time than on parasite clearance time, suggesting that iron chelation may have an effect on the disease process beyond its anti parasitic effect (Rosenthal, P J, 1996). This suggests that it may be possible that iron deposition in tissue may be partially responsible for severe malaria. Indeed, haemozoin deposition in the brain was significantly higher in mice with cerebral malaria like illness than in mice with ordinary malaria. Although DFO has shown promising activity, it is unlikely to be of practical use as it is expensive and must be administrated by continuous infusion. A number of other iron che lators have shown antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo. 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