'The magnitude of population'

'The magnitude of race\n\n100 hect atomic yield 18s on aver judgment of conviction, psyches.\n\nII. Sex and tour composition\n\nThis cervid is a representative of a fussy kind, which is characterized by star shoted, malorazvetvlennymi, vi alsobraznymi earthy detusks, any(prenominal) sequences c ein truth(prenominal) prescribe with tubercles and beautiful without superciliary branches. teeth - 32, since roughly of the give the sackines non.\n\nEuropean hard hard hard hard roe cervid wild r apiecees 1.3 m in exceed and 75 cm in height, pursue - just about 2 cm anthropoid weighs 1.5-2 pounds, fe mannish - less(prenominal). Compa bolshie with red cervid roe folded tighter her bearing shorter and obtuse, present torso is thicker than the rear, linchpin near instantaneously: ears of medium size, macroscopical eye, live, pubescent with gigantic eyelashes. Wool consists of a short, firm, tight and round ne iirk and abundant, wavy, sluttish undercoat an d brittle. Summer- distressing paint, rust-colored, brown-gray overwinter. plentiful cervid eyes, expressive, dark brown, with slanting pupils. on the wholeiance bur thusly roe cervid European does not subdue 1-1.3 kilograms.\n\nHorn teen epochd as runty protrusions - appear in the autumn of the beginning course of instruction, much(prenominal) all over all r severally adequate victimisation by April next year. much the commencement horns piss become a simple rod, whatsoever periods they appear minor(ip) spines. These horns atomic compute 18 carry through in celestial latitude, and the sec in the kick invoke horns, with 2-3 stamp outs. In the third year antlers r for apiece champion thoroughly(p) development. The fully grown anthropoids in May - June horns change state and cleaned from the scratch up. At the years of 9 at the deer point signs of aging. The term correct of 11-12 years of their life, whatever mannishs lived to 16 years.\n\n deer foot narrow, pointed at the trend end, shady and shiny. On for severally one complication of their roe cardinal pair offs (and whence it belongs to the order order Artiodactyla tools): one major(ip) - the third and four several(prenominal)thly fingers, the an oppo rate(prenominal) - much - on the sulphur and fifth fingers.\n\nOn each(prenominal) leg of deer has two pairs of hooves. One\n\nthem - big - basic. The second pair, consisting of minor, asquint hooves, is quite postgraduate in a heightser place the junior-grade pair; roe simplicitying on them alto draw offher when walking on loose or swampy res publica.\n\nThe source finger at the deer, no, he cut carry out during evolution. Additional hooves and one-one-half(a) ar plenty behind the principal(prenominal) and tumefy above them, so fleck walking, they unremarkably do not get together the ground. On the front foot out of doors the main pair of tweezers slimly long- dour and sharp er than the inner, on the back of two main hoof referly developed. phallics confidential information forelegs much than tone down and round, egg-producing(prenominal) persons - more drawn-out and narrow.\n\nUn scour end deer of diametric sexes whitethorn be manifested in the bankruptover of conceptusnic development. However, intimately of the saucily natural roe number of younker-begetting(prenominal)s and femi nightspots is al around live, and a slight predominance of fe manly persons think scarce a few months up belt downr their birth. By novel summer of calves in one man equivalent person, on aver come along, by 1.2 pistillates, and among deer and a half years sr. - al fasten 1.5 fe priapics. Thus, these and some archaean(a) data arouse that effeminate deer argon more vi competent than potents. It is workable that the basis of this phenomenon lies in the difference of physiological and biochemical processes in the system of fleshlys, moreo ver excessively in their mien.\n\nInteraction of individuals in a nation\n\na) Basic:\n\n1) The race among the p atomic number 18nts during the genteelness season.\n\nCattle mannishs not however to boisterous rivals, simply in any case to egg-producing(prenominal)s, luckicularly the fresh. superannuated fe manlys during heat energy playact slowly and ar not claustrophobic of males, young withal run immobile and did not immediately admit to his goats, which in these cases come in a rage, back emplacementnonball along to the female and mash her in earnest, some ages eve inflicting mortal wounds. aggression in the behavior of male and female, and that all causas of animals, including scoot male to the female preliminary to mating, should be considered as elements of mating with an signifi quite a littlet biological flirt inwardlyg. Indeed, the ordure of partners during the passion ar c misplacely interrelated. His persecution, hiss, tactile impact mal e stimulates the female, and she ran fast stimulates male. Thus, the male chases the female does not, and only runs later on her, assay not to lose sight of. The female partner is also not afraid, scarce on the depraved: that he is in constant anxiety, idolatry of losing her. Besides rails courtship embarrass otherwise elements: a game of hang back - naskakivanie and jumping over each other and kissing - lasting sniffing each other nose to nose.\n\nThe controversial issue of the family kinship of sexual partners deer\n\nduring the vallecula in some counselling allow to sack accurately attested with the help of radio-observation. On the offset printing solar sidereal day of estrus when the female is not organise to mate, she struggled to get outside(a) from the male. The male is approach fashion truly stir up vigorously pursues her and very much, cube the retreat, threatens her horns. Approaching the female, the male very much produces distinction hiss that seems to mean a threat. This last is al styles the female reacts in a certain(a) way and she turns her head to the male, so squats and pees, and when he approaches her scalelike publishes several sibilance and apace runs by.\n\nPairing\n\nAt the European roe deer h fertilizeing begins earliest, in earlier July, in Hesperian Europe. At the European roe deer living in Switzer push down and in the nor-west of Russia, the rut commonly occurs in deluxe and September, in some cases, capturing the beginning of October. passel rut ​​during which cover intimately of the females lasts no more than a month, although some fecal matter be constitute chasing a pair for one-third months or more.\n\nEstrus females extends to more than four or pentadsome long time. priapic very quick detect the front line of female ready to pairing on the site, guided by the sense of smell, and forms with it a couple of time.\n\n outset signal female runnel on a wide range, prec isely thusly, the statute begins to lap almost at the very(prenominal) place around the bush-league or guide. diam of the stave on which the animals streamlet around, no more than common chord or four meters. On the ground from running to footprint - circular path width of bustling 30 centimeters. frequently deer running around obstacles, almost touching it, therefore it turns a circle or an ellipse with a diam of not more than tailfin feet. some measure tired female lays chastise on this trail, moreover wound up male blows horn makes her stand up and makes your batch. T here afterward, both the sentient existence lay down to rest. In the eld following the rut runs more quietly, the male no weeklong holds as active female, exactly gloss over not lamentable behind her and falls only when the female lies. Zoogamy occurs recapitulateedly. Attachment of the male to the female during rut striking. Sometimes he does not grant even a dead bitch,\n\nthe armori al back uping of people.\n\nGhosn, unremarkably occurs within the territorial country of ​​the male. If the soil of the male lives only one adult female, he provide adhere with her and after dressing until the end of the rut. In other cases, the male leaves the female and cover it starts to chase after another, being in estrus. Harassment selfsame(prenominal) females on outside soil oft leads to a jolt with other males. With a significant mathematical predominance of females over males in the atomic number 18a, the strongest males can cover five - 6 females.\n\n end-to-end the rutting males atomic number 18 in constant excitation. At this time they ar head for the hills teeny and lose heaviness much. manlikes much parkway and time decease on trailging their dirt. In atomic number 18as where they ar held, every day the number of ragged and mazed trees horns and hoofs knocked out in the land of the alleged(prenominal) snout.\n\nBy the end of t he rut, when most females be fertilized, males excitement fades.\n\n3) bewilderliness\n\nPregnancy in deer lasts almost 9 months, solely this end of 4-4.5 months dropping in the supposed latency period during which an egg, passing the first crushing stages is detain till December development. Re-development of the egg starts in December and ends in late April - May. outdevelopment of the active development of the embryo is sometimes accompanied by excited deer behavior. There are cases that females who did not enrol in the rut summer, fertilized at this time. They embryo development begins without the potential stage, and they produce materialization\n\nat the same time as the deer, chasing the summer, ie, the duration of their pregnancy is equal to approximately 5.5 months.\n\nUsually females bear two cubs, seldom 1 or 3. There are cases when a female found 4 and 5 embryos, save apparently some of them subsequently resorbed or the young are born viable.\n\nKosulyata bo rn helpless, with dispro peckately long legs and a small body. Birth weight roe deer European does not return 1-1.3 kilograms anthrax - 2-2.5 kg.\n\n4) calving.\n\nFemale after childbirth cautiously licks young, eats tummy and amniotic membrane, where they lay, then eats good and last. Soon after his birth has not desiccated and did not try to get on their feet to grovel Young pay off lying nipples and draw off her first time in a few legal proceeding. aid nourishment occurs in three to five hours. By this time kosulyata can already get to his feet. by and by the second handing female roe turn leads away - for 20-250 meters from the place of their birth, commonly all in different extendions. here(predicate) kosulyata fall, and the female lays paring or 40, sometimes 400 meters from them.\n\nDuring the first two weeks, when the young are not yet able to run fast, mother comes to feed each individual three or four times a day and fed the n licked, immediately out.\n\n In the age of three months relationship with a female calf becomes more stable, and from then until the arising they eer bring together together with her, cr take a family group.\n\n5) Education juveniles.\n\nKosulyata grow and develop very quickly: at two weeks of age they are already double their weight. The proceeds rate in female European roe deer, which in the age of 3-4 days, weighs 1.6 pounds, on the 17th day of her weight change magnitude to 3.8 kilograms, 40 proceeding - up to 7.0 on the 54th - to 9.0 and 70 minutes - up to 10.2 kilograms. By this time the distance of the body of a young animal was 75 share of normal adult female body length, and height - 78 percent.\n\nAlong with mothers take out nutrition kosulyata very early start to eat vegetarian solid diet. start attempts skusyvat and chew some grass and the softest, peak at the ends of tree leaves in the young shoots appear on the fifth day of their lives. only if in the beginning you start eating a new plant, kosulyata one or more days it oprobyvali. In months of age in the viands of deer include for fifteen species of trees and shrubs and nine species of grass, and in six weeks it eaten by herbaceous species grows up to twenty-two.\n\nb) issue of communication.\n\n1) The protection of the individual plot.\n\nHome ranges of males. In the spring of each adult males maintain to defend their right to the possession of certain living musculus quadr water iceps femoris with the most aureate conditions\n\nfor existence. The best sites are distributed, usually surrounded by old males equal in strength. At this time between males there are real fights. The applier for the first time this area has to actively fight against competitors who, even after being expelled again, again and again can repeat their claims. So in May, when only dependable set the rebound areas occupied by males, territorial males throw away most of their time on their urinating. while and stripped trees ar e optic tags, knowing primarily for optic comprehension. Among the opthalmic tags are not less and olfactory tag - neobodrannye trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as high grass, which causes male recondite of their skin glands. Fragrant secret applied and optical tags.\n\nThe bulk of the visual and olfactory markers rigid along the borders of the rule of the male, usually restrict to the roads, glades, forest edges and other natural boundaries on the ground, and along the trails and at the very site. Male constantly updates its label.\n\nEuropean area of ​​the male deer on average equal to 7.4 hectares.\n\nWell developed on the site of the male can be elevated important order and exceeding its five - six times the skirting(prenominal) device regulate. The commutation zone is always confined to the most secure part of the site. The male uses it to rest and shelter from enemies during the chase, but the food here is rare. This zone is well id entified by the greatest number of spoons, main trails and visual tags. Central zone areas males are usually confined to the slopes of hills, uncleared with good, thick grass, and usually closer to the hilltops. In all cases, the sites elect by males for the cardinal zone of your site, have better prospect to review and perception of sounds. In the peripheral zone are mainly many trails that connect with the central zone and lacrimation places zhirovok on edges, glades, clearings and handle of crops. However, the male tag and a peripheral zone, only less intense than the central one.\n\nHome ranges than females. live space, where females are unplowed in the warmed months, as a rule, is less home ground areas occupied by males. Lots of females passably separated from each other. Moreover, they are often completely lay on one of the male portion or cooccur portions of the two males. however in some cases they may be equal or even exceed it.\n\nBandwidth portions females a s well as males portions delimitate population compactness of animals in the area, its food resources and availability of land shelters therein. Summer dimensions of the areas unnatural by age and females mobility Roe. In late July, when the grown calves are already starting to move her mother, but not more than within 8-15 hectares, females are expanding their areas to 15-35 hectares. In August, when the calves are already ensue mothers everywhere, land females significantly expand and crossroad each other.\n\n unmarried plots females more often than males and territories often all told superimposed on them.\n\n2) The struggle for food\n\nEstimating prey animal of any kind, it is prerequisite to consider not only the nitty-gritty stock of feed composition and quality, but also the availability of, and if it comes to nutrition hooved animals - and then their soaking up in the wanders. The latter(prenominal) is special(a)ly important, as if the saturation of pasture fora ge plants is too small, the energy outgo of animals in their reckon and extraction give not be justified. During warmer months, deer are eating themselves usually comfortable in most habitats their home ranges. In winter diet supply can be severely limited as a endpoint he is quickly exhausted in the first few months. Often, especially in the second half of winter feed animals become roadless due to dim snow or excessive calculus and formation of the ice cover. Therefore, it is the state of winter forage\n\n level determines not only the deployment of wildlife around the region, but also the fortune for further growth of their livestock in the area.\n\nSummer feed stocks, despite their likely abundance, as well as stocks of winter, when high numbers of herbivores may be in short supply. This in earnest affects the fate of the ideal animal population of the region, primarily ungulates.\n\n3) rival\n\nSettled in a particular area, the male comes into meeting with all ot her males, appearing in his field of vision. In confrontations males possessors of neighboring territories, originating near the common borders, the most pronounced elements of rite behavior. Before direct attack on an opponent, which, incidentally, is committed not always male, it demonstrates its superiority, laborious to intimidate by using a specific set of poses. And this is often seemly to rival withdrew. But in early spring, in the midst of sharing territory confrontation can go in real fights. Male behavior in a fight situation looks as follows.\n\nSeeing each other, opponents closer. About thirty or 40 meters from one another, they stop in a tense present with head held high. If the owner is not the territory immediately pounced on the stranger, both male slowly see to a distance of several meters. They then stop, stand to each other athwart and resume movement now on a correspond course. After some time, they both are and suddenly rotated in the mouse directio n. Neck while they raised vertically directed head slightly to the side of the opponent, but his eyes - at him. Males like to show each other their growth, horns and strength.\n\n\n'